Foundation model

SingLEM: results on public EEG datasets

SingLEM is a single-channel EEG foundation model: a tokenizer encodes each channel on its own. Its paper lists 71 public pretraining datasets, TMNRED among them, so its cells on the semantic-target protocol are marked as in the authors' pretraining list. BCI Report ran the primary checkpoint, the one that excludes the authors' own downstream sources, frozen, and adapted it on EEGMAT. Its tokenizer does not see the last quarter-second of each two-second segment.

Measured on: ds003810; EEGMAT; BETA; ds006593; TMNRED / ds005383; EESM19 scalp subset; ds005342 · Protocols: Motor imagery & rest; Arithmetic & rest; SSVEP · 8 channels; SSVEP · 4 channels; P300 target ERP; Semantic target ERP; Sleep staging; Idle & command

Also known as ttlabtuat/SingLEM

Reference SingLEM, arXiv:2509.17920 ↗

Directory status: Evaluated · Official code ↗ · Description sources arxiv.org · github.com

Published results

Grouped by dataset. Compare figures within a group only: across groups the task, cohort, chance level and electrode layout all change.

ds003810 · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · motor imagery & rest

Read with its protocol: Core-matrix protocol: Motor imagery & rest · Chance level 50.0% · foundation-models-mi-rest.csv

MethodConditionMetricValuePeople
SingLEMFrozen encoder + ridge headBalanced accuracy72.0%66.6%–76.6%10

Weights terms: SingLEM under MIT. No model’s authors endorse these results. Every weights licence and its terms →

EEGMAT · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · arithmetic & rest

Read with its protocol: Core-matrix protocol: Arithmetic & rest · Chance level 50.0% · foundation-models-arithmetic-rest.csv

MethodConditionMetricValuePeople
SingLEMFrozen encoder + ridge headBalanced accuracy51.5%49.2%–53.8%36

Weights terms: SingLEM under MIT. No model’s authors endorse these results. Every weights licence and its terms →

EEGMAT · Model adaptation, v9 · new people, same task, one fixed recipe (not a ranking)

Read with its protocol: Core-matrix protocol: Arithmetic & rest · Chance level 50.0% · foundation-models-update.json

SingLEM · Frozen encoder + trained head
50.9% (49.5%–52.3%)
SingLEM · LoRA rank 4 + head
60.6% (56.7%–64.4%)
Balanced accuracy, 2 configurations. Dot: the estimate; line: 95% interval; dashed line: chance level where the payload records one.
MethodConditionMetricValuePeople
SingLEMFrozen encoder + trained headBalanced accuracy50.9%49.5%–52.3%1,218 trainable parameters.36
SingLEMLoRA rank 4 + headBalanced accuracy60.6%56.7%–64.4%33,986 trainable parameters.36
SingLEMLoRA minus frozen + head, same people and foldsPaired difference+9.7 pp+6.1 pp–+13.3 pp30 people improved, 6 got worse, 0 unchanged. The interval excludes zero.36

Weights terms: SingLEM under MIT. No model’s authors endorse these results. Every weights licence and its terms →

BETA · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · SSVEP, 8 channels

Read with its protocol: Core-matrix protocol: SSVEP · 8 channels · Chance level 2.5% · foundation-models-beta-8ch.csv

MethodConditionMetricValuePeople
SingLEMFrozen encoder + ridge headBalanced accuracy26.6%23.7%–29.5%70

Weights terms: SingLEM under MIT. No model’s authors endorse these results. Every weights licence and its terms →

BETA · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · SSVEP, 4 channels

Read with its protocol: Core-matrix protocol: SSVEP · 4 channels · Chance level 2.5% · foundation-models-beta-4ch.csv

MethodConditionMetricValuePeople
SingLEMFrozen encoder + ridge headBalanced accuracy20.5%17.8%–23.3%70

Weights terms: SingLEM under MIT. No model’s authors endorse these results. Every weights licence and its terms →

ds006593 · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · P300 target ERP

Read with its protocol: Core-matrix protocol: P300 target ERP · Chance level 50.0% · foundation-models-p300-target.csv

MethodConditionMetricValuePeople
SingLEMFrozen encoder + ridge headBalanced accuracy51.2%49.2%–53.1%21

Weights terms: SingLEM under MIT. No model’s authors endorse these results. Every weights licence and its terms →

TMNRED / ds005383 · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · semantic target ERP

Read with its protocol: Core-matrix protocol: Semantic target ERP · Chance level 50.0% · foundation-models-semantic-target.csv

MethodConditionMetricValuePeople
SingLEMFrozen encoder + ridge headBalanced accuracy58.5%56.1%–61.1%Pretraining exposure: in the authors' published pretraining list.30

Weights terms: SingLEM under MIT. No model’s authors endorse these results. Every weights licence and its terms →

EESM19 scalp subset · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · sleep staging

Read with its protocol: Core-matrix protocol: Sleep staging · Chance level 20.0% · foundation-models-sleep-scalp.csv

MethodConditionMetricValuePeople
SingLEMFrozen encoder + ridge headBalanced accuracy35.3%33.7%–37.0%20

Weights terms: SingLEM under MIT. No model’s authors endorse these results. Every weights licence and its terms →

ds005342 · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · idle & command

Read with its protocol: Core-matrix protocol: Idle & command · foundation-models-idle.csv

MethodConditionMetricValuePeople
SingLEMFrozen encoder + linear headCommands detected ≤3 s6 / 602 of 4 people always abstained.4
SingLEMFrozen encoder + linear headIdle false activations5 / 604

Weights terms: SingLEM under MIT. No model’s authors endorse these results. Every weights licence and its terms →

All methods → · All datasets →

Checkpoints, inputs and terms

What was run, as the v9 release records it: each checkpoint’s revision and SHA-256, its encoder parameters, the footnote its rows carry and its weights licence. No weights, adapted weights or LoRA deltas were kept or shared, and no endorsement by the model’s authors is implied.

SingLEM

Panel
A row beside the core matrix on every protocol page
Encoder parameters
3.27M
Revision
ttlabtuat/SingLEM @ 6db5b5af
Checkpoint SHA-256
cb4c1b4f4a6fae99a984b883177e09b8c2fe44ed0d4c9a0ded3928dc425584bb
Paper
paper ↗
Weights licence
MIT (checkpoint committed in the MIT repository)
Licence note
MIT.
Rights review
Checkpoint committed in the MIT repository; aggregate scores only.
Row footnote
semantic-target is pretraining-exposed (TMNRED is in the SingLEM corpus). Each channel is encoded independently; the last 0.25 s of each 2 s segment is not seen by the tokenizer.
Notes
SingLEM tokenizer (128-sample tokens, stride 96 at 128 Hz) leaves the last 0.25 s of every 2 s segment unseen.
EEGMAT adaptation
Run: a head trained on the frozen encoder against LoRA rank 4, three seeds.

Pretraining exposure, by dataset

Whether each core dataset is in the model authors’ published pretraining list, checked on 2026-10-04 and linked to the source. A dataset absent from the list is not proof that its recordings were never seen; recording-level audits were not done.

DatasetProtocolsStatementSource
ds003810 Motor Imagery vs Rest (low-cost EEG; Peterson et al.)Motor imagery & restnot in the authors' published pretraining list (checked 2026-10-04)source ↗
EEGMAT (PhysioNet EEG During Mental Arithmetic Tasks; Zyma et al. 2019)Arithmetic & restnot in the authors' published pretraining list (checked 2026-10-04)source ↗
ds006593 cBCI Matrix Multimodal Dataset (Celik et al.)P300 target ERPnot in the authors' published pretraining list (checked 2026-10-04)source ↗
ds005383 TMNRED (Bai et al. 2025, Sci. Data 12:701)Semantic target ERPin the authors' published pretraining listsource ↗ · source ↗
EESM19 Ear-EEG Sleep Monitoring 2019 (OpenNeuro ds005185; Mikkelsen et al.)Sleep stagingnot in the authors' published pretraining list (checked 2026-10-04)source ↗
BETA 40-target SSVEP (Liu et al. 2020, Front. Neurosci. 14:627)SSVEP · 8 channels · SSVEP · 4 channelsnot in the authors' published pretraining list (checked 2026-10-04)source ↗
ds005342 EEG offline/online MI for standing and sitting (Triana-Guzman et al.)Idle & commandnot in the authors' published pretraining list (checked 2026-10-04)source ↗

Note on the check: SingLEM and LaBraM lists are matched by dataset name and reference; most rows carry no accession number.

Cite this page

BCI Report (2026). SingLEM: results on public EEG datasets. https://bci.report/methods/singlem/

Figures from release foundation-models-update-20261004 (2026-10-04). Cite the upstream datasets as well: each dataset’s page gives its credit.

Every release is archived on Zenodo: doi:10.5281/zenodo.23123296. BibTeX for the site and its releases → · CITATION.cff ↗