Continuous cursor tracking with a noninvasive BCI, across sessions

Forenzo & He continuous-tracking EEG-BCI dataset: EEG decoding results

The Forenzo & He continuous-tracking dataset (KiltHub 25360300, Carnegie Mellon University) holds EEG from 28 participants who used motor imagery to steer a cursor after a target moving continuously across a screen (continuous pursuit), over several sessions with traditional and deep-learning decoders, in two substudies, the second testing transfer learning; recorded with a 64-channel cap at 1 kHz. Released by Dylan Forenzo and Bin He under CC BY 4.0 and described in PNAS Nexus (2024). Only offline analyses from each record's earliest to its latest complete session are run here; the paper's online results are not reproduced.

Also known as Forenzo & He (2024) · KiltHub 25360300 · EEG-BCI Dataset for Continuous Tracking using Deep Learning-based Decoding for Non-invasive Brain-Computer Interface · Forenzo et al. (2024) · continuous pursuit BCI dataset

Description sources doi.org · doi.org · api.figshare.com

Where it appears

Published results

Every figure below is copied from a reviewed download, not recomputed for this page.

Later sessions · continuous cursor tracking, Main cohort, historical decoder velocity (a negative result; offline, no online-control claim)

Read with its protocol: Later sessions · later-sessions-update.json

MethodConditionMetricValuePeople
Spectral ridgeHistorical decoder velocity (historical decoder imitation, not intended motion) · earliest → latest sessionNormalized RMSE (lower is better)192.2901.292–574.235Median 1.317: the mean is far above it, a severe upper tail.9 records, not proven unique people
Source-mean comparatorreference or comparator, not a decoding modelHistorical decoder velocity (historical decoder imitation, not intended motion) · earliest → latest sessionNormalized RMSE (lower is better)1.2661.214–1.3169 records, not proven unique people
Spectral ridgeHistorical decoder velocity (historical decoder imitation, not intended motion) · ridge minus comparator, the same recordsPaired difference in normalized RMSE191.0240.026–572.995The ridge had the larger error on 9 of 9 admitted records; 9 of 14 candidate records admitted, the rest held on metadata before scoring, so the result is conditional on that subset.9 records, not proven unique people

Later sessions · continuous cursor tracking, Main cohort, constructed displacement proxy (a negative result; offline, no online-control claim)

Read with its protocol: Later sessions · later-sessions-update.json

MethodConditionMetricValuePeople
Spectral ridgeConstructed displacement proxy (constructed proxy) · earliest → latest sessionNormalized RMSE (lower is better)698.4991.166–2,093Median 1.225: the mean is far above it, a severe upper tail.9 records, not proven unique people
Source-mean comparatorreference or comparator, not a decoding modelConstructed displacement proxy (constructed proxy) · earliest → latest sessionNormalized RMSE (lower is better)1.0560.977–1.1339 records, not proven unique people
Spectral ridgeConstructed displacement proxy (constructed proxy) · ridge minus comparator, the same recordsPaired difference in normalized RMSE697.4430.121–2,092The ridge had the larger error on 9 of 9 admitted records; 9 of 14 candidate records admitted, the rest held on metadata before scoring, so the result is conditional on that subset.9 records, not proven unique people

Later sessions · continuous cursor tracking, Transfer Learning cohort, historical decoder velocity (a negative result; offline, no online-control claim)

Read with its protocol: Later sessions · later-sessions-update.json

MethodConditionMetricValuePeople
Spectral ridgeHistorical decoder velocity (historical decoder imitation, not intended motion) · earliest → latest sessionNormalized RMSE (lower is better)44.1720.955–130.476Median 0.990: the mean is far above it, a severe upper tail.14 records, not proven unique people
Source-mean comparatorreference or comparator, not a decoding modelHistorical decoder velocity (historical decoder imitation, not intended motion) · earliest → latest sessionNormalized RMSE (lower is better)0.8640.801–0.92914 records, not proven unique people
Spectral ridgeHistorical decoder velocity (historical decoder imitation, not intended motion) · ridge minus comparator, the same recordsPaired difference in normalized RMSE43.3080.105–129.601The ridge had the larger error on 14 of 14 admitted records; 14 of 14 candidate records admitted. “Transfer Learning” is the publisher’s name for how the data were collected, not a model trained here.14 records, not proven unique people

Later sessions · continuous cursor tracking, Transfer Learning cohort, constructed displacement proxy (a negative result; offline, no online-control claim)

Read with its protocol: Later sessions · later-sessions-update.json

MethodConditionMetricValuePeople
Spectral ridgeConstructed displacement proxy (constructed proxy) · earliest → latest sessionNormalized RMSE (lower is better)69.8441.071–207.287Median 1.182: the mean is far above it, a severe upper tail.14 records, not proven unique people
Source-mean comparatorreference or comparator, not a decoding modelConstructed displacement proxy (constructed proxy) · earliest → latest sessionNormalized RMSE (lower is better)0.9160.841–0.98714 records, not proven unique people
Spectral ridgeConstructed displacement proxy (constructed proxy) · ridge minus comparator, the same recordsPaired difference in normalized RMSE68.9280.143–206.410The ridge had the larger error on 14 of 14 admitted records; 14 of 14 candidate records admitted. “Transfer Learning” is the publisher’s name for how the data were collected, not a model trained here.14 records, not proven unique people

Source and licence

Forenzo & He continuous-tracking EEG-BCI dataset

Credit Dylan Forenzo and Bin He · EEG-BCI Dataset for “Continuous Tracking using Deep Learning-based Decoding for Non-invasive Brain-Computer Interface”, KiltHub, Carnegie Mellon University, doi:10.1184/R1/25360300.v1, CC BY 4.0. Citation the record requests: Dylan Forenzo, Hao Zhu, Jenn Shanahan, Jaehyun Lim and Bin He, Continuous tracking using deep learning-based decoding for noninvasive brain–computer interface, PNAS Nexus 3(4), pgae145 (2024), doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae145. Derived analysis by BCI Report; not endorsed by the authors and not a reproduction of the paper's online results.

CC BY 4.0 ↗ · Dataset record ↗

BCI Report does not redistribute any recording. These are aggregate measurements computed by BCI Report under the licence above; the data belong to the people credited.

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Cite this page

BCI Report (2026). Forenzo & He continuous-tracking EEG-BCI dataset: EEG decoding results. https://bci.report/datasets/forenzo-continuous-tracking/

Figures from release later-sessions-update-20261008 (2026-10-08). Cite the upstream dataset as well: its credit is on this page.

Every release is archived on Zenodo: doi:10.5281/zenodo.23123296. BibTeX for the site and its releases → · CITATION.cff ↗