# SingLEM: results on public EEG datasets

Foundation model

SingLEM is a single-channel EEG foundation model: a tokenizer encodes each channel on its own. Its paper lists 71 public pretraining datasets, TMNRED among them, so its cells on the semantic-target protocol are marked as in the authors' pretraining list. BCI Report ran the primary checkpoint, the one that excludes the authors' own downstream sources, frozen, and adapted it on EEGMAT. Its tokenizer does not see the last quarter-second of each two-second segment.

Measured on: [ds003810](https://bci.report/datasets/ds003810/); [EEGMAT](https://bci.report/datasets/eegmat/); [BETA](https://bci.report/datasets/beta/); [ds006593](https://bci.report/datasets/ds006593/); [TMNRED / ds005383](https://bci.report/datasets/tmnred/); [EESM19 scalp subset](https://bci.report/datasets/eesm19/); [ds005342](https://bci.report/datasets/ds005342/) · Protocols: [Motor imagery & rest](https://bci.report/protocols/mi-rest/); [Arithmetic & rest](https://bci.report/protocols/arithmetic-rest/); [SSVEP · 8 channels](https://bci.report/protocols/beta-8ch/); [SSVEP · 4 channels](https://bci.report/protocols/beta-4ch/); [P300 target ERP](https://bci.report/protocols/p300-target/); [Semantic target ERP](https://bci.report/protocols/semantic-target/); [Sleep staging](https://bci.report/protocols/sleep-scalp/); [Idle & command](https://bci.report/protocols/idle/)

**Also known as** ttlabtuat/SingLEM

**Reference** [SingLEM, arXiv:2509.17920 ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.17920v3)

Directory status: Evaluated · [Official code ↗](https://github.com/ttlabtuat/SingLEM) · Description sources [arxiv.org](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.17920v3) · [github.com](https://github.com/ttlabtuat/SingLEM)

## Published results

Grouped by dataset. Compare figures within a group only: across groups the task, cohort, chance level and electrode layout all change.

### [ds003810](https://bci.report/datasets/ds003810/) · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · motor imagery & rest

Read with its protocol: [Core-matrix protocol: Motor imagery & rest](https://bci.report/protocols/mi-rest/#foundation-v9) · Chance level 50.0% · [foundation-models-mi-rest.csv](https://bci.report/data/foundation-models-mi-rest.csv)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [SingLEM](https://bci.report/methods/singlem/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 72.0% (66.6%–76.6%) | 10 |

Weights terms: SingLEM under MIT. No model’s authors endorse these results. [Every weights licence and its terms →](https://bci.report/protocols/mi-rest/#v9-licences)

### [EEGMAT](https://bci.report/datasets/eegmat/) · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · arithmetic & rest

Read with its protocol: [Core-matrix protocol: Arithmetic & rest](https://bci.report/protocols/arithmetic-rest/#foundation-v9) · Chance level 50.0% · [foundation-models-arithmetic-rest.csv](https://bci.report/data/foundation-models-arithmetic-rest.csv)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [SingLEM](https://bci.report/methods/singlem/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 51.5% (49.2%–53.8%) | 36 |

Weights terms: SingLEM under MIT. No model’s authors endorse these results. [Every weights licence and its terms →](https://bci.report/protocols/arithmetic-rest/#v9-licences)

### [EEGMAT](https://bci.report/datasets/eegmat/) · Model adaptation, v9 · new people, same task, one fixed recipe (not a ranking)

Read with its protocol: [Core-matrix protocol: Arithmetic & rest](https://bci.report/protocols/arithmetic-rest/#v9-adaptation) · Chance level 50.0% · [foundation-models-update.json](https://bci.report/data/foundation-models-update.json)

**Balanced accuracy, 2 configurations.** Dot: the estimate; line: 95% interval; dashed line: chance level where the payload records one.

- SingLEM · Frozen encoder + trained head: 50.9% (49.5%–52.3%)
- SingLEM · LoRA rank 4 + head: 60.6% (56.7%–64.4%)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [SingLEM](https://bci.report/methods/singlem/) | Frozen encoder + trained head | Balanced accuracy | 50.9% (49.5%–52.3%) — 1,218 trainable parameters. | 36 |
| [SingLEM](https://bci.report/methods/singlem/) | LoRA rank 4 + head | Balanced accuracy | 60.6% (56.7%–64.4%) — 33,986 trainable parameters. | 36 |
| [SingLEM](https://bci.report/methods/singlem/) | LoRA minus frozen + head, same people and folds | Paired difference | +9.7 pp (+6.1 pp–+13.3 pp) — 30 people improved, 6 got worse, 0 unchanged. The interval excludes zero. | 36 |

Weights terms: SingLEM under MIT. No model’s authors endorse these results. [Every weights licence and its terms →](https://bci.report/protocols/arithmetic-rest/#v9-licences)

### [BETA](https://bci.report/datasets/beta/) · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · SSVEP, 8 channels

Read with its protocol: [Core-matrix protocol: SSVEP · 8 channels](https://bci.report/protocols/beta-8ch/#foundation-v9) · Chance level 2.5% · [foundation-models-beta-8ch.csv](https://bci.report/data/foundation-models-beta-8ch.csv)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [SingLEM](https://bci.report/methods/singlem/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 26.6% (23.7%–29.5%) | 70 |

Weights terms: SingLEM under MIT. No model’s authors endorse these results. [Every weights licence and its terms →](https://bci.report/protocols/beta-8ch/#v9-licences)

### [BETA](https://bci.report/datasets/beta/) · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · SSVEP, 4 channels

Read with its protocol: [Core-matrix protocol: SSVEP · 4 channels](https://bci.report/protocols/beta-4ch/#foundation-v9) · Chance level 2.5% · [foundation-models-beta-4ch.csv](https://bci.report/data/foundation-models-beta-4ch.csv)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [SingLEM](https://bci.report/methods/singlem/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 20.5% (17.8%–23.3%) | 70 |

Weights terms: SingLEM under MIT. No model’s authors endorse these results. [Every weights licence and its terms →](https://bci.report/protocols/beta-4ch/#v9-licences)

### [ds006593](https://bci.report/datasets/ds006593/) · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · P300 target ERP

Read with its protocol: [Core-matrix protocol: P300 target ERP](https://bci.report/protocols/p300-target/#foundation-v9) · Chance level 50.0% · [foundation-models-p300-target.csv](https://bci.report/data/foundation-models-p300-target.csv)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [SingLEM](https://bci.report/methods/singlem/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 51.2% (49.2%–53.1%) | 21 |

Weights terms: SingLEM under MIT. No model’s authors endorse these results. [Every weights licence and its terms →](https://bci.report/protocols/p300-target/#v9-licences)

### [TMNRED / ds005383](https://bci.report/datasets/tmnred/) · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · semantic target ERP

Read with its protocol: [Core-matrix protocol: Semantic target ERP](https://bci.report/protocols/semantic-target/#foundation-v9) · Chance level 50.0% · [foundation-models-semantic-target.csv](https://bci.report/data/foundation-models-semantic-target.csv)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [SingLEM](https://bci.report/methods/singlem/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 58.5% (56.1%–61.1%) — Pretraining exposure: in the authors' published pretraining list. | 30 |

Weights terms: SingLEM under MIT. No model’s authors endorse these results. [Every weights licence and its terms →](https://bci.report/protocols/semantic-target/#v9-licences)

### [EESM19 scalp subset](https://bci.report/datasets/eesm19/) · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · sleep staging

Read with its protocol: [Core-matrix protocol: Sleep staging](https://bci.report/protocols/sleep-scalp/#foundation-v9) · Chance level 20.0% · [foundation-models-sleep-scalp.csv](https://bci.report/data/foundation-models-sleep-scalp.csv)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [SingLEM](https://bci.report/methods/singlem/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 35.3% (33.7%–37.0%) | 20 |

Weights terms: SingLEM under MIT. No model’s authors endorse these results. [Every weights licence and its terms →](https://bci.report/protocols/sleep-scalp/#v9-licences)

### [ds005342](https://bci.report/datasets/ds005342/) · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · idle & command

Read with its protocol: [Core-matrix protocol: Idle & command](https://bci.report/protocols/idle/#foundation-v9) · [foundation-models-idle.csv](https://bci.report/data/foundation-models-idle.csv)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [SingLEM](https://bci.report/methods/singlem/) | Frozen encoder + linear head | Commands detected ≤3 s | 6 / 60 — 2 of 4 people always abstained. | 4 |
| [SingLEM](https://bci.report/methods/singlem/) | Frozen encoder + linear head | Idle false activations | 5 / 60 | 4 |

Weights terms: SingLEM under MIT. No model’s authors endorse these results. [Every weights licence and its terms →](https://bci.report/protocols/idle/#v9-licences)

[All methods →](https://bci.report/methods/) · [All datasets →](https://bci.report/datasets/)

## Checkpoints, inputs and terms

What was run, as the v9 release records it: each checkpoint’s revision and SHA-256, its encoder parameters, the footnote its rows carry and its weights licence. No weights, adapted weights or LoRA deltas were kept or shared, and no endorsement by the model’s authors is implied.

### SingLEM

- Panel: A row beside the core matrix on every protocol page
- Encoder parameters: 3.27M
- Revision: `ttlabtuat/SingLEM @ 6db5b5af`
- Checkpoint SHA-256: `cb4c1b4f4a6fae99a984b883177e09b8c2fe44ed0d4c9a0ded3928dc425584bb`
- Paper: [paper ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.17920)
- Weights licence: MIT (checkpoint committed in the MIT repository)
- Licence note: MIT.
- Rights review: Checkpoint committed in the MIT repository; aggregate scores only.
- Row footnote: semantic-target is pretraining-exposed (TMNRED is in the SingLEM corpus). Each channel is encoded independently; the last 0.25 s of each 2 s segment is not seen by the tokenizer.
- Notes: SingLEM tokenizer (128-sample tokens, stride 96 at 128 Hz) leaves the last 0.25 s of every 2 s segment unseen.
- EEGMAT adaptation: Run: a head trained on the frozen encoder against LoRA rank 4, three seeds.

## Pretraining exposure, by dataset

Whether each core dataset is in the model authors’ published pretraining list, checked on 2026-10-04 and linked to the source. A dataset absent from the list is not proof that its recordings were never seen; recording-level audits were not done.

| Dataset | Protocols | Statement | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [ds003810 Motor Imagery vs Rest (low-cost EEG; Peterson et al.)](https://doi.org/10.18112/openneuro.ds003810.v2.0.2) | [Motor imagery & rest](https://bci.report/protocols/mi-rest/) | not in the authors' published pretraining list (checked 2026-10-04) | [source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.17920v3) |
| [EEGMAT (PhysioNet EEG During Mental Arithmetic Tasks; Zyma et al. 2019)](https://physionet.org/content/eegmat/1.0.0/) | [Arithmetic & rest](https://bci.report/protocols/arithmetic-rest/) | not in the authors' published pretraining list (checked 2026-10-04) | [source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.17920v3) |
| [ds006593 cBCI Matrix Multimodal Dataset (Celik et al.)](https://doi.org/10.18112/openneuro.ds006593.v1.0.0) | [P300 target ERP](https://bci.report/protocols/p300-target/) | not in the authors' published pretraining list (checked 2026-10-04) | [source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.17920v3) |
| [ds005383 TMNRED (Bai et al. 2025, Sci. Data 12:701)](https://doi.org/10.18112/openneuro.ds005383.v1.0.0) | [Semantic target ERP](https://bci.report/protocols/semantic-target/) | in the authors' published pretraining list | [source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.17920v3) · [source ↗](https://github.com/ttlabtuat/SingLEM) |
| [EESM19 Ear-EEG Sleep Monitoring 2019 (OpenNeuro ds005185; Mikkelsen et al.)](https://doi.org/10.18112/openneuro.ds005185.v1.0.2) | [Sleep staging](https://bci.report/protocols/sleep-scalp/) | not in the authors' published pretraining list (checked 2026-10-04) | [source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.17920v3) |
| [BETA 40-target SSVEP (Liu et al. 2020, Front. Neurosci. 14:627)](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/The_BETA_database/12264401) | [SSVEP · 8 channels](https://bci.report/protocols/beta-8ch/) · [SSVEP · 4 channels](https://bci.report/protocols/beta-4ch/) | not in the authors' published pretraining list (checked 2026-10-04) | [source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.17920v3) |
| [ds005342 EEG offline/online MI for standing and sitting (Triana-Guzman et al.)](https://doi.org/10.18112/openneuro.ds005342.v1.0.3) | [Idle & command](https://bci.report/protocols/idle/) | not in the authors' published pretraining list (checked 2026-10-04) | [source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.17920v3) |

**Note on the check:** SingLEM and LaBraM lists are matched by dataset name and reference; most rows carry no accession number.

## Cite this page

BCI Report (2026). *SingLEM: results on public EEG datasets*. https://bci.report/methods/singlem/

Figures from release [`foundation-models-update-20261004`](https://bci.report/releases/#foundation-models-update-20261004) (2026-10-04). Cite the upstream datasets as well: each dataset’s page gives its credit.

Every release is archived on Zenodo: [doi:10.5281/zenodo.23123296](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23123296). [BibTeX for the site and its releases →](https://bci.report/api/#cite-heading) · [CITATION.cff ↗](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/twu3202/bci-report/main/CITATION.cff)

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