# LUNA: results on public EEG datasets

Foundation model

LUNA is a pretrained EEG encoder released in Base, Large and Huge sizes; its paper lists the Temple University EEG corpus (TUEG) and the Siena Scalp EEG Database as its pretraining data. BCI Report ran Base and Large frozen. The input is resampled to 256 Hz and cut to whole patches, and the one- and two-second windows and four- to eight-channel layouts here are outside the regime its authors tested. The weights are CC BY-ND 4.0: no modified weights or adapters are shared, and no endorsement by the LUNA authors is implied.

Measured on: [ds003810](https://bci.report/datasets/ds003810/); [EEGMAT](https://bci.report/datasets/eegmat/); [BETA](https://bci.report/datasets/beta/); [ds006593](https://bci.report/datasets/ds006593/); [TMNRED / ds005383](https://bci.report/datasets/tmnred/); [EESM19 scalp subset](https://bci.report/datasets/eesm19/); [ds005342](https://bci.report/datasets/ds005342/) · Protocols: [Motor imagery & rest](https://bci.report/protocols/mi-rest/); [Arithmetic & rest](https://bci.report/protocols/arithmetic-rest/); [SSVEP · 8 channels](https://bci.report/protocols/beta-8ch/); [SSVEP · 4 channels](https://bci.report/protocols/beta-4ch/); [P300 target ERP](https://bci.report/protocols/p300-target/); [Semantic target ERP](https://bci.report/protocols/semantic-target/); [Sleep staging](https://bci.report/protocols/sleep-scalp/); [Idle & command](https://bci.report/protocols/idle/)

**Also known as** LUNA Base · LUNA Large · PulpBio/LUNA

**Reference** [LUNA, arXiv:2510.22257 ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.22257)

Directory status: Evaluated · [Official code ↗](https://huggingface.co/PulpBio/LUNA) · Description sources [arxiv.org](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.22257) · [huggingface.co](https://huggingface.co/PulpBio/LUNA)

## Published results

Grouped by dataset. Compare figures within a group only: across groups the task, cohort, chance level and electrode layout all change.

### [ds003810](https://bci.report/datasets/ds003810/) · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · motor imagery & rest

Read with its protocol: [Core-matrix protocol: Motor imagery & rest](https://bci.report/protocols/mi-rest/#foundation-v9) · Chance level 50.0% · [foundation-models-mi-rest.csv](https://bci.report/data/foundation-models-mi-rest.csv)

**Balanced accuracy, 2 configurations.** Dot: the estimate; line: 95% interval; dashed line: chance level where the payload records one.

- LUNA Base: 52.6% (50.2%–54.9%)
- LUNA Large: 49.9% (46.6%–53.5%)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [LUNA Base](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 52.6% (50.2%–54.9%) | 10 |
| [LUNA Large](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 49.9% (46.6%–53.5%) | 10 |

Weights terms: LUNA under CC BY-ND 4.0, with no modified weights shared. No model’s authors endorse these results. [Every weights licence and its terms →](https://bci.report/protocols/mi-rest/#v9-licences)

### [EEGMAT](https://bci.report/datasets/eegmat/) · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · arithmetic & rest

Read with its protocol: [Core-matrix protocol: Arithmetic & rest](https://bci.report/protocols/arithmetic-rest/#foundation-v9) · Chance level 50.0% · [foundation-models-arithmetic-rest.csv](https://bci.report/data/foundation-models-arithmetic-rest.csv)

**Balanced accuracy, 2 configurations.** Dot: the estimate; line: 95% interval; dashed line: chance level where the payload records one.

- LUNA Base: 60.7% (56.9%–64.4%)
- LUNA Large: 57.4% (54.3%–60.6%)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [LUNA Base](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 60.7% (56.9%–64.4%) | 36 |
| [LUNA Large](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 57.4% (54.3%–60.6%) | 36 |

Weights terms: LUNA under CC BY-ND 4.0, with no modified weights shared. No model’s authors endorse these results. [Every weights licence and its terms →](https://bci.report/protocols/arithmetic-rest/#v9-licences)

### [EEGMAT](https://bci.report/datasets/eegmat/) · Model adaptation, v9 · new people, same task, one fixed recipe (not a ranking)

Read with its protocol: [Core-matrix protocol: Arithmetic & rest](https://bci.report/protocols/arithmetic-rest/#v9-adaptation) · Chance level 50.0% · [foundation-models-update.json](https://bci.report/data/foundation-models-update.json)

**Balanced accuracy, 2 configurations.** Dot: the estimate; line: 95% interval; dashed line: chance level where the payload records one.

- LUNA Base · Frozen encoder + trained head: 58.2% (54.5%–61.7%)
- LUNA Base · LoRA rank 4 + head: 60.0% (55.9%–63.9%)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [LUNA Base](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | Frozen encoder + trained head | Balanced accuracy | 58.2% (54.5%–61.7%) — 514 trainable parameters. | 36 |
| [LUNA Base](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | LoRA rank 4 + head | Balanced accuracy | 60.0% (55.9%–63.9%) — 37,378 trainable parameters. | 36 |
| [LUNA Base](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | LoRA minus frozen + head, same people and folds | Paired difference | +1.8 pp (+0.1 pp–+3.3 pp) — 23 people improved, 11 got worse, 2 unchanged. The interval excludes zero. | 36 |

Weights terms: LUNA under CC BY-ND 4.0, with no modified weights shared. No model’s authors endorse these results. [Every weights licence and its terms →](https://bci.report/protocols/arithmetic-rest/#v9-licences)

### [BETA](https://bci.report/datasets/beta/) · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · SSVEP, 8 channels

Read with its protocol: [Core-matrix protocol: SSVEP · 8 channels](https://bci.report/protocols/beta-8ch/#foundation-v9) · Chance level 2.5% · [foundation-models-beta-8ch.csv](https://bci.report/data/foundation-models-beta-8ch.csv)

**Balanced accuracy, 2 configurations.** Dot: the estimate; line: 95% interval; dashed line: chance level where the payload records one.

- LUNA Base: 8.6% (7.7%–9.5%)
- LUNA Large: 10.0% (8.9%–11.1%)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [LUNA Base](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 8.6% (7.7%–9.5%) | 70 |
| [LUNA Large](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 10.0% (8.9%–11.1%) | 70 |

Weights terms: LUNA under CC BY-ND 4.0, with no modified weights shared. No model’s authors endorse these results. [Every weights licence and its terms →](https://bci.report/protocols/beta-8ch/#v9-licences)

### [BETA](https://bci.report/datasets/beta/) · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · SSVEP, 4 channels

Read with its protocol: [Core-matrix protocol: SSVEP · 4 channels](https://bci.report/protocols/beta-4ch/#foundation-v9) · Chance level 2.5% · [foundation-models-beta-4ch.csv](https://bci.report/data/foundation-models-beta-4ch.csv)

**Balanced accuracy, 2 configurations.** Dot: the estimate; line: 95% interval; dashed line: chance level where the payload records one.

- LUNA Base: 9.0% (8.1%–10.1%)
- LUNA Large: 11.2% (9.8%–12.6%)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [LUNA Base](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 9.0% (8.1%–10.1%) | 70 |
| [LUNA Large](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 11.2% (9.8%–12.6%) | 70 |

Weights terms: LUNA under CC BY-ND 4.0, with no modified weights shared. No model’s authors endorse these results. [Every weights licence and its terms →](https://bci.report/protocols/beta-4ch/#v9-licences)

### [ds006593](https://bci.report/datasets/ds006593/) · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · P300 target ERP

Read with its protocol: [Core-matrix protocol: P300 target ERP](https://bci.report/protocols/p300-target/#foundation-v9) · Chance level 50.0% · [foundation-models-p300-target.csv](https://bci.report/data/foundation-models-p300-target.csv)

**Balanced accuracy, 2 configurations.** Dot: the estimate; line: 95% interval; dashed line: chance level where the payload records one.

- LUNA Base: 48.7% (46.3%–51.1%)
- LUNA Large: 48.8% (46.9%–50.8%)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [LUNA Base](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 48.7% (46.3%–51.1%) | 21 |
| [LUNA Large](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 48.8% (46.9%–50.8%) | 21 |

Weights terms: LUNA under CC BY-ND 4.0, with no modified weights shared. No model’s authors endorse these results. [Every weights licence and its terms →](https://bci.report/protocols/p300-target/#v9-licences)

### [TMNRED / ds005383](https://bci.report/datasets/tmnred/) · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · semantic target ERP

Read with its protocol: [Core-matrix protocol: Semantic target ERP](https://bci.report/protocols/semantic-target/#foundation-v9) · Chance level 50.0% · [foundation-models-semantic-target.csv](https://bci.report/data/foundation-models-semantic-target.csv)

**Balanced accuracy, 2 configurations.** Dot: the estimate; line: 95% interval; dashed line: chance level where the payload records one.

- LUNA Base: 56.2% (54.2%–58.2%)
- LUNA Large: 57.1% (55.3%–58.9%)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [LUNA Base](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 56.2% (54.2%–58.2%) | 30 |
| [LUNA Large](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 57.1% (55.3%–58.9%) | 30 |

Weights terms: LUNA under CC BY-ND 4.0, with no modified weights shared. No model’s authors endorse these results. [Every weights licence and its terms →](https://bci.report/protocols/semantic-target/#v9-licences)

### [EESM19 scalp subset](https://bci.report/datasets/eesm19/) · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · sleep staging

Read with its protocol: [Core-matrix protocol: Sleep staging](https://bci.report/protocols/sleep-scalp/#foundation-v9) · Chance level 20.0% · [foundation-models-sleep-scalp.csv](https://bci.report/data/foundation-models-sleep-scalp.csv)

**Balanced accuracy, 2 configurations.** Dot: the estimate; line: 95% interval; dashed line: chance level where the payload records one.

- LUNA Base: 67.5% (65.3%–69.5%)
- LUNA Large: 72.4% (70.4%–74.0%)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [LUNA Base](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 67.5% (65.3%–69.5%) | 20 |
| [LUNA Large](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | Frozen encoder + ridge head | Balanced accuracy | 72.4% (70.4%–74.0%) | 20 |

Weights terms: LUNA under CC BY-ND 4.0, with no modified weights shared. No model’s authors endorse these results. [Every weights licence and its terms →](https://bci.report/protocols/sleep-scalp/#v9-licences)

### [ds005342](https://bci.report/datasets/ds005342/) · v9 foundation encoders, frozen · idle & command

Read with its protocol: [Core-matrix protocol: Idle & command](https://bci.report/protocols/idle/#foundation-v9) · [foundation-models-idle.csv](https://bci.report/data/foundation-models-idle.csv)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [LUNA Base](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | Frozen encoder + linear head | Commands detected ≤3 s | 4 / 60 — 2 of 4 people always abstained. | 4 |
| [LUNA Base](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | Frozen encoder + linear head | Idle false activations | 1 / 60 | 4 |
| [LUNA Large](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | Frozen encoder + linear head | Commands detected ≤3 s | 5 / 60 — 2 of 4 people always abstained. | 4 |
| [LUNA Large](https://bci.report/methods/luna/) | Frozen encoder + linear head | Idle false activations | 1 / 60 | 4 |

Weights terms: LUNA under CC BY-ND 4.0, with no modified weights shared. No model’s authors endorse these results. [Every weights licence and its terms →](https://bci.report/protocols/idle/#v9-licences)

[All methods →](https://bci.report/methods/) · [All datasets →](https://bci.report/datasets/)

## Checkpoints, inputs and terms

What was run, as the v9 release records it: each checkpoint’s revision and SHA-256, its encoder parameters, the footnote its rows carry and its weights licence. No weights, adapted weights or LoRA deltas were kept or shared, and no endorsement by the model’s authors is implied.

### LUNA Base

- Panel: A row beside the core matrix on every protocol page
- Encoder parameters: 6.57M
- Revision: `PulpBio/LUNA @ 999c1af0`
- Checkpoint SHA-256: `482839ad9152b6948ff166d2a1638637c54b4d91f1cefadbce6312831ba9b11d`
- Paper: [paper ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.22257)
- Weights licence: CC BY-ND 4.0 (owner-approved: internal adaptation, aggregate scores only, no adapted weights or LoRA deltas shared)
- Licence note: CC BY-ND 4.0 weights: scores from internal probing/adaptation only; no modified weights, LoRA or adapter deltas are shared; no implied endorsement by the LUNA authors; the LUNA name is not used to suggest an official release.
- Rights review: Owner-approved on 2026-10-04 for internal probing and adaptation with aggregate scores only. No modified weights, LoRA or adapter deltas are shared; no endorsement by the LUNA authors is implied, and the LUNA name is not used to suggest an official release.
- Row footnote: Resampled to 256 Hz and truncated to whole 40-sample patches; 1-2 s windows and 4-8 channel montages are outside the authors' tested regime.
- Notes: LUNA resamples to 256 Hz and keeps whole 40-sample patches: 1 s keeps 240/256 samples, 2 s keeps 480/512.
- EEGMAT adaptation: Run: a head trained on the frozen encoder against LoRA rank 4, three seeds.

### LUNA Large

- Panel: A row beside the core matrix on every protocol page
- Encoder parameters: 40.45M
- Revision: `PulpBio/LUNA @ 999c1af0`
- Checkpoint SHA-256: `03e0321a1e1a30dc074f7bfe512a901138200494f7694f31ab633e42b105c0e4`
- Paper: [paper ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.22257)
- Weights licence: CC BY-ND 4.0 (owner-approved terms as LUNA Base)
- Licence note: CC BY-ND 4.0 weights (as LUNA Base).
- Rights review: Owner-approved on 2026-10-04 for internal probing and adaptation with aggregate scores only. No modified weights, LoRA or adapter deltas are shared; no endorsement by the LUNA authors is implied, and the LUNA name is not used to suggest an official release.
- Row footnote: As LUNA Base. Frozen probes only.
- Notes: LUNA resamples to 256 Hz and keeps whole 40-sample patches: 1 s keeps 240/256 samples, 2 s keeps 480/512.
- EEGMAT adaptation: not run by design: LUNA Large is frozen probes only in the v9 stage specification

## Pretraining exposure, by dataset

Whether each core dataset is in the model authors’ published pretraining list, checked on 2026-10-04 and linked to the source. A dataset absent from the list is not proof that its recordings were never seen; recording-level audits were not done.

### LUNA Base · LUNA Large

| Dataset | Protocols | Statement | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [ds003810 Motor Imagery vs Rest (low-cost EEG; Peterson et al.)](https://doi.org/10.18112/openneuro.ds003810.v2.0.2) | [Motor imagery & rest](https://bci.report/protocols/mi-rest/) | not in the authors' published pretraining list (checked 2026-10-04) | [source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.22257) |
| [EEGMAT (PhysioNet EEG During Mental Arithmetic Tasks; Zyma et al. 2019)](https://physionet.org/content/eegmat/1.0.0/) | [Arithmetic & rest](https://bci.report/protocols/arithmetic-rest/) | not in the authors' published pretraining list (checked 2026-10-04) | [source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.22257) |
| [ds006593 cBCI Matrix Multimodal Dataset (Celik et al.)](https://doi.org/10.18112/openneuro.ds006593.v1.0.0) | [P300 target ERP](https://bci.report/protocols/p300-target/) | not in the authors' published pretraining list (checked 2026-10-04) | [source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.22257) |
| [ds005383 TMNRED (Bai et al. 2025, Sci. Data 12:701)](https://doi.org/10.18112/openneuro.ds005383.v1.0.0) | [Semantic target ERP](https://bci.report/protocols/semantic-target/) | not in the authors' published pretraining list (checked 2026-10-04) | [source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.22257) |
| [EESM19 Ear-EEG Sleep Monitoring 2019 (OpenNeuro ds005185; Mikkelsen et al.)](https://doi.org/10.18112/openneuro.ds005185.v1.0.2) | [Sleep staging](https://bci.report/protocols/sleep-scalp/) | not in the authors' published pretraining list (checked 2026-10-04) | [source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.22257) |
| [BETA 40-target SSVEP (Liu et al. 2020, Front. Neurosci. 14:627)](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/The_BETA_database/12264401) | [SSVEP · 8 channels](https://bci.report/protocols/beta-8ch/) · [SSVEP · 4 channels](https://bci.report/protocols/beta-4ch/) | not in the authors' published pretraining list (checked 2026-10-04) | [source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.22257) |
| [ds005342 EEG offline/online MI for standing and sitting (Triana-Guzman et al.)](https://doi.org/10.18112/openneuro.ds005342.v1.0.3) | [Idle & command](https://bci.report/protocols/idle/) | not in the authors' published pretraining list (checked 2026-10-04) | [source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.22257) |

## Cite this page

BCI Report (2026). *LUNA: results on public EEG datasets*. https://bci.report/methods/luna/

Figures from release [`foundation-models-update-20261004`](https://bci.report/releases/#foundation-models-update-20261004) (2026-10-04). Cite the upstream datasets as well: each dataset’s page gives its credit.

Every release is archived on Zenodo: [doi:10.5281/zenodo.23123296](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23123296). [BibTeX for the site and its releases →](https://bci.report/api/#cite-heading) · [CITATION.cff ↗](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/twu3202/bci-report/main/CITATION.cff)

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