# Forenzo & He continuous-tracking EEG-BCI dataset: EEG decoding results

Continuous cursor tracking with a noninvasive BCI, across sessions

The Forenzo & He continuous-tracking dataset (KiltHub 25360300, Carnegie Mellon University) holds EEG from 28 participants who used motor imagery to steer a cursor after a target moving continuously across a screen (continuous pursuit), over several sessions with traditional and deep-learning decoders, in two substudies, the second testing transfer learning; recorded with a 64-channel cap at 1 kHz. Released by Dylan Forenzo and Bin He under CC BY 4.0 and described in PNAS Nexus (2024). Only offline analyses from each record's earliest to its latest complete session are run here; the paper's online results are not reproduced.

**Also known as** Forenzo & He (2024) · KiltHub 25360300 · EEG-BCI Dataset for Continuous Tracking using Deep Learning-based Decoding for Non-invasive Brain-Computer Interface · Forenzo et al. (2024) · continuous pursuit BCI dataset

Description sources [doi.org](https://doi.org/10.1184/R1/25360300.v1) · [doi.org](https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae145) · [api.figshare.com](https://api.figshare.com/v2/articles/25360300/versions/1)

## Where it appears

- [Does a decoder trained on an earlier session still work later?](https://bci.report/topics/later-sessions/#forenzo)

## Published results

Every figure below is copied from a reviewed download, not recomputed for this page.

### Later sessions · continuous cursor tracking, Main cohort, historical decoder velocity (a negative result; offline, no online-control claim)

Read with its protocol: [Later sessions](https://bci.report/topics/later-sessions/#forenzo) · [later-sessions-update.json](https://bci.report/data/later-sessions-update.json)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Spectral ridge | Historical decoder velocity (historical decoder imitation, not intended motion) · earliest → latest session | Normalized RMSE (lower is better) | 192.290 (1.292–574.235) — Median 1.317: the mean is far above it, a severe upper tail. | 9 records, not proven unique people |
| Source-mean comparator — reference or comparator, not a decoding model | Historical decoder velocity (historical decoder imitation, not intended motion) · earliest → latest session | Normalized RMSE (lower is better) | 1.266 (1.214–1.316) | 9 records, not proven unique people |
| Spectral ridge | Historical decoder velocity (historical decoder imitation, not intended motion) · ridge minus comparator, the same records | Paired difference in normalized RMSE | 191.024 (0.026–572.995) — The ridge had the larger error on 9 of 9 admitted records; 9 of 14 candidate records admitted, the rest held on metadata before scoring, so the result is conditional on that subset. | 9 records, not proven unique people |

### Later sessions · continuous cursor tracking, Main cohort, constructed displacement proxy (a negative result; offline, no online-control claim)

Read with its protocol: [Later sessions](https://bci.report/topics/later-sessions/#forenzo) · [later-sessions-update.json](https://bci.report/data/later-sessions-update.json)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Spectral ridge | Constructed displacement proxy (constructed proxy) · earliest → latest session | Normalized RMSE (lower is better) | 698.499 (1.166–2,093) — Median 1.225: the mean is far above it, a severe upper tail. | 9 records, not proven unique people |
| Source-mean comparator — reference or comparator, not a decoding model | Constructed displacement proxy (constructed proxy) · earliest → latest session | Normalized RMSE (lower is better) | 1.056 (0.977–1.133) | 9 records, not proven unique people |
| Spectral ridge | Constructed displacement proxy (constructed proxy) · ridge minus comparator, the same records | Paired difference in normalized RMSE | 697.443 (0.121–2,092) — The ridge had the larger error on 9 of 9 admitted records; 9 of 14 candidate records admitted, the rest held on metadata before scoring, so the result is conditional on that subset. | 9 records, not proven unique people |

### Later sessions · continuous cursor tracking, Transfer Learning cohort, historical decoder velocity (a negative result; offline, no online-control claim)

Read with its protocol: [Later sessions](https://bci.report/topics/later-sessions/#forenzo) · [later-sessions-update.json](https://bci.report/data/later-sessions-update.json)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Spectral ridge | Historical decoder velocity (historical decoder imitation, not intended motion) · earliest → latest session | Normalized RMSE (lower is better) | 44.172 (0.955–130.476) — Median 0.990: the mean is far above it, a severe upper tail. | 14 records, not proven unique people |
| Source-mean comparator — reference or comparator, not a decoding model | Historical decoder velocity (historical decoder imitation, not intended motion) · earliest → latest session | Normalized RMSE (lower is better) | 0.864 (0.801–0.929) | 14 records, not proven unique people |
| Spectral ridge | Historical decoder velocity (historical decoder imitation, not intended motion) · ridge minus comparator, the same records | Paired difference in normalized RMSE | 43.308 (0.105–129.601) — The ridge had the larger error on 14 of 14 admitted records; 14 of 14 candidate records admitted. “Transfer Learning” is the publisher’s name for how the data were collected, not a model trained here. | 14 records, not proven unique people |

### Later sessions · continuous cursor tracking, Transfer Learning cohort, constructed displacement proxy (a negative result; offline, no online-control claim)

Read with its protocol: [Later sessions](https://bci.report/topics/later-sessions/#forenzo) · [later-sessions-update.json](https://bci.report/data/later-sessions-update.json)

| Method | Condition | Metric | Value | People |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Spectral ridge | Constructed displacement proxy (constructed proxy) · earliest → latest session | Normalized RMSE (lower is better) | 69.844 (1.071–207.287) — Median 1.182: the mean is far above it, a severe upper tail. | 14 records, not proven unique people |
| Source-mean comparator — reference or comparator, not a decoding model | Constructed displacement proxy (constructed proxy) · earliest → latest session | Normalized RMSE (lower is better) | 0.916 (0.841–0.987) | 14 records, not proven unique people |
| Spectral ridge | Constructed displacement proxy (constructed proxy) · ridge minus comparator, the same records | Paired difference in normalized RMSE | 68.928 (0.143–206.410) — The ridge had the larger error on 14 of 14 admitted records; 14 of 14 candidate records admitted. “Transfer Learning” is the publisher’s name for how the data were collected, not a model trained here. | 14 records, not proven unique people |

## Source and licence

### Forenzo & He continuous-tracking EEG-BCI dataset

**Credit** Dylan Forenzo and Bin He · EEG-BCI Dataset for “Continuous Tracking using Deep Learning-based Decoding for Non-invasive Brain-Computer Interface”, KiltHub, Carnegie Mellon University, doi:10.1184/R1/25360300.v1, CC BY 4.0. Citation the record requests: Dylan Forenzo, Hao Zhu, Jenn Shanahan, Jaehyun Lim and Bin He, Continuous tracking using deep learning-based decoding for noninvasive brain–computer interface, PNAS Nexus 3(4), pgae145 (2024), doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae145. Derived analysis by BCI Report; not endorsed by the authors and not a reproduction of the paper's online results.

[CC BY 4.0 ↗](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) · [Dataset record ↗](https://doi.org/10.1184/R1/25360300.v1)

BCI Report does not redistribute any recording. These are aggregate measurements computed by BCI Report under the licence above; the data belong to the people credited.

[All datasets →](https://bci.report/datasets/) · [All methods →](https://bci.report/methods/)

## Cite this page

BCI Report (2026). *Forenzo & He continuous-tracking EEG-BCI dataset: EEG decoding results*. https://bci.report/datasets/forenzo-continuous-tracking/

Figures from release [`later-sessions-update-20261008`](https://bci.report/releases/#later-sessions-update-20261008) (2026-10-08). Cite the upstream dataset as well: its credit is on this page.

Every release is archived on Zenodo: [doi:10.5281/zenodo.23123296](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23123296). [BibTeX for the site and its releases →](https://bci.report/api/#cite-heading) · [CITATION.cff ↗](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/twu3202/bci-report/main/CITATION.cff)

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Markdown copy of https://bci.report/datasets/forenzo-continuous-tracking/, generated from the published page. Figures are aggregate results; terms of use: https://bci.report/data-use/